dataclass
import random import string def generate_id() -> str: return "".join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase, k=12)) #generate_id() class Person: def __init__(self, name:str, address:str): self.name = name self.address = address def main() -> None: person = Person(name="john", address="yatop-ro 162") print(person) if __name__ == "__main__": main()
νμ©μ΄ μ΄λ ΅λ€. Personμ nameμ΄λ addressr
$ conda run -n notidash --no-capture-output --live-stream python /Users/onesixx/my/git/noti-api/examtest/dataclass_ex.py <__main__.Person object at 0x7f8861d3cf10>
class Person: def __init__(self, name:str, address:str): self.name = name self.address = address def __str__(self) -> str: return f"{self.name}, {self.address}"
john, yatop-ro 162
import random import string from dataclasses import dataclass def generate_id() -> str: return "".join(random.choices(string.ascii_uppercase, k=12)) @dataclass class Person: name:str address:str def main() -> None: person = Person(name="john", address="yatop-ro 162") print(person) if __name__ == "__main__": main()
Person(name='john', address='yatop-ro 162')
dataclassλΌγ΄
https://sjquant.tistory.com/30
νμ΄μ¬ 3.7λΆν° λμ λ dataclassesμ λν΄ μμ보μ
- Sanicμμ μΉμμΌμ ꡬννλ μμ λ₯Ό 보λ μ€ ν΄λμ€ μμ
@dataclass
λΌλ λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°κ° λΆμ΄μμλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass, field ...(μλ΅) @dataclass class Client: interface: websockets.server.WebSocketServerProtocol = field(repr=False) sid: str = field(default_factory=partial(generate_code, 36)) ...(μλ΅)
- νμ΄μ¬ 3.7λΆν° νμ€ λΌμ΄λΈλ¬λ¦¬λ‘ λ±μ¬
- μ΄λ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό λ³΄λ€ μ©μ΄νκ² μ μΈν΄μ£Όλ λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°
- Type Annotationμ μ§μ.
- ν΄λμ€μ
@dataclass
λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νλ©΄__int__
,__repr__
,__eq__
λ±μ λ©μλλ₯Ό μλμΌλ‘ μ μν΄ μ€λ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass # μ΄λ κ² @dataclass λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°λ₯Ό ν΄λμ€ μμ λΆμ¬μ€λ€. @dataclass class Item: id: int name: str print(Item(1, "Apple")) print(Item(2, "Banana"))
μ€νκ²°κ³Ό
Item(id=1, name='Apple') Item(id=2, name='Banana')
- μμ μ½λ κ°μ κ²½μ° λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμ§ μλλ€λ©΄
__init__
λ©μλμ idμ nameμ λ³μλ‘ λ°λ κ²μ΄ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μλ¬κ° λ°μνλ€. - λ§μ½
__init__
λ©μλλ₯Ό μ μνλ€νλλΌλ,__repr__
λ©μλκ° μ μλμ΄ μμ§ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μλμ κ°μ΄ μΆλ ₯λλ€.
class Item: id: int name: str def __init__(self, id: int, name: str): self.id = id self.name = name print(Item(1, "Apple")) print(Item(2, "Banana"))
class Item: id: int name: str def __init__(self, id: int, name: str): self.id = id self.name = name print(Item(1, "Apple")) print(Item(2, "Banana"))
μ€νκ²°κ³Ό
>> <__main__.Item object at 0x7fd501796898> <__main__.Item object at 0x7fd501796898
- λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ μνλ ν΄λμ€λΌλ μ μμ κΈ°μ‘΄ νμ΄μ¬μ
collections.namedtuple
λΉμ·νλ€. νμ§λ§,@dataclass
λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν ν΄λμ€λ λ§ κ·Έλλ‘ ν΄λμ€λΌλ μ μμ λ©μλλ νλ‘νΌν°λ₯Ό μΆκ°ν μ μλ€. dataclasses.field
λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νλ©΄ ν΄λΉ νλ‘νΌν°μ λν μ€μ μ ν΄μ€ μ μλ€. (ex:default_factory
,repr
μ¬λΆ)
from dataclasses import dataclass, field from functools import partial import uuid @dataclass class Factory: id = field(default_factory=partial(uuid.uuid4)) items = field(default_factory=list) f1 = Factory() print(f1.items) f1.items += ['apple', 'banana'] print(f1.items) print(f1)
μ€νκ²°κ³Ό
[] ['apple', 'banana'] Factory(id=UUID('990091ef-6058-4754-b1f5-78e3546cc7bd'), items=['apple', 'banana'])
- νμ΄μ¬μ
Type Annotation
μ νμ©νκΈ΄νμ§λ§, ν΄λΉ νμ μ΄ λ§λμ§ κ²μ¦(validate)νμ§λ μλλ€. - λ§μ½
dataclasses
λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νκ³ κ²μ¦κΉμ§ μνλ€λ©΄ pydanticμpydantic.dataclasses
λ₯Ό μ¬μ©νλ©΄ λλ€. (pydantic
λΌμ΄λΈλ¬λ¦¬λ μΆνμ μ λλ‘ κ³΅λΆν΄μ μ 리νκ² λ€.) [μ°Έκ³ ]
ex
from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict from os import path, environ base_dir =path.dirname(path.abspath(__file__)) # λ°μ½λ μ΄λλ₯Ό νμ©ν΄ λ°μ΄ν°ν΄λμ€ λ§λ€κΈ° @dataclass class mainConfig(): BASE_DIR:str = base_dir # μμ @dataclass class localConfig(mainConfig): HOST:str = '127.0.0.1' PORT:int = 8085 DEBUG:bool = True DEV_TOOLS_PROPS_CHECK:bool = True print(mainConfig()) # mainConfig(BASE_DIR='/Users/onesixx/my/git/dash-adminlte') localConfig() #localConfig(BASE_DIR='/Users/onesixx/my/git/dash-adminlte', # HOST='127.0.0.1', PORT=8085, DEBUG=True, DEV_TOOLS_PROPS_CHECK=True) localConfig().PORT #808 # κ°μ²΄λ unpackingμ΄ μλκΈ° λλ¬Έμ asdict()μ¬μ©νμ¬ dictionaryλ‘ λ³κ²½ asdict(localConfig()) # {'BASE_DIR': '/Users/onesixx/my/git/dash-adminlte', # 'HOST': '127.0.0.1', # 'PORT': 8085, # 'DEBUG': True, # 'DEV_TOOLS_PROPS_CHECK': True} def ufunc_test(PORT=None, DEBUG=None, **kwargs): print(PORT, DEBUG) ufunc_test(localConfig()) ufunc_test(asdict(localConfig())) #localConfig(BASE_DIR='/Users/onesixx/my/git/dash-adminlte', # HOST='127.0.0.1', PORT=8085, DEBUG=True, DEV_TOOLS_PROPS_CHECK=True) None # PORTκ° localConfig()μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°νκ³ , DEBUGλ μμΌλ None ufunc_test(**asdict(localConfig())) #8085 True
cofig
MENU_ITEMS = ("home", "basiccard", "socialcard", "tabcard",) menu = [(f"{menu}", f"/{menu}") for menu in MENU_ITEMS] print(menu) # [('home', '/home'), # ('basiccard', '/basiccard'), # ('socialcard', '/socialcard'), # ('tabcard', '/tabcard')] idx=MENU_ITEMS.index("basiccard") #1 menu[idx] #('basiccard', '/basiccard') menu[idx][0] #'basiccard' menu[idx][1] #'/basiccard'
dataclasses λͺ¨λ μ¬μ©λ²
https://www.daleseo.com/python-dataclasses/
μ°λ¦¬λ νμ΄μ¬μΌλ‘ μ½λ©μ νλ©΄μ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ΄μλκΈ° μν΄μ μ¬λ¬κ°μ§ λ°©λ²μ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€.
리μ€νΈ(list), νν(tuple), μ¬μ (dictoinary), λ€μλ νν(namedtuple), μΈνΈ(set), νλ‘μ¦ μΈνΈ(frozen set)μ κ°μ λ΄μ₯ μλ£ κ΅¬μ‘°λ μ¬μ©νκΈ° κ°νΈνλ€λ μ₯μ μ΄ μμ΅λλ€.
λ°λ©΄μ ν΄λμ€(class)λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν΄μ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ΄μλλ©΄ type-safeν΄μ§κΈ° λλ¬Έμ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨ μ€ν μ€μ μ€λ₯κ° λ°μν νλ₯ μ΄ μ μ΄μ§λ€λ μ₯μ μ΄ μμ΅λλ€.
νμ΄μ¬ 3.7μμ dataclassesλΌλ λ§€μ° λ§€λ ₯μ μΈ λͺ¨λμ΄ νμ€ λΌμ΄λΈλ¬λ¦¬μ μΆκ°λμλλ°μ.
μ΄λ² ν¬μ€ν
μμλ λ΄μ₯ μλ£ κ΅¬μ‘°μ²λΌ νΈλ¦¬νλ©΄μλ ν΄λμ€μ²λΌ κ²¬κ³ ν λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ λν΄μ μμ보λλ‘ νκ² μ΅λλ€.
κΈ°μ‘΄ λ°©μμ ν΄λμ€ μμ±νκΈ°
λ¨Όμ dataclasses λͺ¨λμμ΄, μ°λ¦¬λ μ΄λ»κ² λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ΄μλκΈ° μν ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μμ±νμλμ§ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ² μ΅λλ€.
μλ₯Ό λ€μ΄, μ¬μ©μ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ΄μλκΈ° μν User
ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μμ±νλ€κ³ κ°μ νλ €λ©΄ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ μ½λκ° νμν κ²μ
λλ€.
from datetime import date class User: def __init__(self, id: int, name: str, birthdate: date, admin: bool = False) -> None: self.id = id self.name = name self.birthdate = birthdate self.admin = admin >>> user = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user <__main__.User object at 0x105558100> >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user2 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 == user2 False
μ μ½λλ₯Ό μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄λ©΄ 보μΌλ¬ νλ μ΄νΈ(boiler-plate)κ° λμ λλ€.id
, name
, birthdate
, admin
κ° λ³μκ° 3λ²μ© λ°λ³΅λλ κ²μ μ μ μμ΅λλ€. ?
μ ν΄λμ€μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€λ₯Ό μΆλ ₯ν΄λ³΄λ©΄ μΆλ ₯ κ²°κ³Όμ νλκ°μ΄ λνλμ§ μμμ λΆνΈν©λλ€.
μ΄λ²μλ μ΄ ν΄λμ€λ‘ μμ±ν λ κ°μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€λ₯Ό λλ±μ±(equality)μ 체ν¬ν΄λ³ΌκΉμ?
__repr__()
λ©μλλ₯Ό μΆκ°νμ¬ νλκ°μ΄ λͺ¨λ μΆλ ₯λλλ‘ μΈμ€ν΄μ€μ μΆλ ₯ ννλ₯Ό λ°κΏλ³΄λλ‘ νκ² μ΅λλ€.
from datetime import date class User: def __init__( self, id: int, name: str, birthdate: date, admin: bool = False ) -> None: self.id = id self.name = name self.birthdate = birthdate self.admin = admin def __repr__(self): return ( self.__class__.__qualname__ + f"(id={self.id!r}, name={self.name!r}, " f"birthdate={self.birthdate!r}, admin={self.admin!r})" ) >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=False)
λ κ°μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€ κ°μ νλμ κ°μ΄ λͺ¨λ κ°μ λ, λλ±ν μΈμ€ν΄μ€λ‘ μ·¨κΈνκ³ μΆλ€λ©΄ __eq__()
λ©μλλ₯Ό ꡬνν΄μ€μΌ ν©λλ€.
from datetime import date class User: def __init__( self, id: int, name: str, birthdate: date, admin: bool = False ) -> None: self.id = id self.name = name self.birthdate = birthdate self.admin = admin def __repr__(self): return ( self.__class__.__qualname__ + f"(id={self.id!r}, name={self.name!r}, " f"birthdate={self.birthdate!r}, admin={self.admin!r})" ) def __eq__(self, other): if other.__class__ is self.__class__: return (self.id, self.name, self.birthdate, self.admin) == ( other.id, other.name, other.birthdate, other.admin, ) return NotImplemented >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user2 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 == user2 True
μμ κ°μ΄ μ΄μμ μΌλ‘ μλνλ ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μμ±νλ €λ©΄ μκ°νλ κ² λ³΄λ€ λ§μ μμ μ½λκ° νμνλ€λ κ²μ μ μ μμ΅λλ€.
μ΄λ¬ν 보μΌλ¬ νλ μ΄νΈ μ½λλ₯Ό μΌμΌμ΄ μ§μ μμ±νμ§ μμλ λλ€λ©΄ μΌλ§λ μ’μκΉμ?
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ κΈ°λ³Έ κΈ°λ₯ (μμ±νκΈ°)
dataclasses λͺ¨λμ μμ κ°μ΄ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ΄μλκΈ° μν ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό λ§€μ° μ μ μμ μ½λλ‘ μμ±νκ² ν΄μ€λλ€.
μ μμ μ½λλ₯Ό μ΄λ²μλ dataclasses λͺ¨λμ μ΄μ©ν΄μ μ¬μμ± ν΄λ³΄κ² μ΅λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass from datetime import date @dataclass class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=False) >>> user2 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 == user2 True
μ΄λ€κ°μ? λ무 κ°λ¨νμ§ μμκ°μ? ?
dataclasses λͺ¨λμμ μ 곡νλ @dataclass
λ°μ½λ μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μΌλ° ν΄λμ€μ μ μΈν΄μ£Όλ©΄ ν΄λΉ ν΄λμ€λ μμ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€κ° λ©λλ€.
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ __init__()
, __repr__()
, __eq__()
μ κ°μ λ©μλλ₯Ό μλμΌλ‘ μμ±ν΄μ€λλ€.
λ°λΌμ μ΄ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ μ΄μ μΉμ
μμ μμ μμ±νλ ν΄λμ€μ λμΌνκ² μλνλ κ²μ μ μ μμ΅λλ€.
μ, μ§κΈκΉμ§ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ κΈ°λ³Έ κΈ°λ₯μ μ΄ν΄λ΄€μΌλ,
μ§κΈλΆν° λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€κ° μ 곡νλ λμ± κ°λ ₯ν λΆκ° κΈ°λ₯λ€μ λν΄μ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ² μ΅λλ€.
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ λΆκ° κΈ°λ₯
λΆλ³ λ°μ΄ν° λ§λ€κΈ°
κΈ°λ³Έμ μΌλ‘ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ λ΄κ³ μλ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μμ μμ¬λ‘ λ³κ²½ν μ μμ΅λλ€.
>>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1 User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=False) >>> user1.admin = True >>> user1 User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=True)
λ§μ½μ λ°μ΄ν°μ λΆλ³μ±(immutability)κ° λ³΄μ₯λμ΄μΌ νλ κ²½μ°λΌλ©΄ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ frozen
μ΅μ
μ μ¬μ©νλ©΄ λ©λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass from datetime import date @dataclass(frozen=True) class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False ### λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€κ° λ΄κ³ μλ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό λ³κ²½ν΄λ³΄λ €κ³ νλ©΄ μμΈκ° λ°μνλ κ²μ μ μ μμ΅λλ€. >>> user1.admin = True Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in File " ", line 4, in __setattr__ dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'admin'
λ°μ΄ν° λμλΉκ΅ λ° μ λ ¬
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€ κ°μ λμλΉκ΅λ₯Ό νλ €κ³ νλ©΄ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ μμΈκ° λ°μν©λλ€.
>>> user1 < user2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'User' and 'User'
νλκ°μ λ°λΌμ λ°μ΄ν°μ λμλΉκ΅κ° νμν κ²½μ°λΌλ©΄ order
μ΅μ
μ μ¬μ©ν μ μμ΅λλ€.
μ΄μ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€ κ°μ λμλΉκ΅κ° κ°λ₯νκ³ , λ°λΌμ λ°μ΄ν° μ λ ¬λ κ°λ₯ν΄μ‘μ΅λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass from datetime import date @dataclass(order=True) class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user2 = User(id=2, name="Bill Gates", birthdate=date(1955, 10, 28)) >>> user1 < user2 True >>> user1 > user2 False >>> sorted([user2, user1]) [User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=False), User(id=2, name='Bill Gates', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 10, 28), admin=False)]
μΈνΈλ μ¬μ μμ μ¬μ©νκΈ°
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€λ κΈ°λ³Έμ μΌλ‘ hashableνμ§ μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ,
μΈνΈ(set)μ κ°μ΄λ μ¬μ (dictionary)μ ν€λ‘ μ¬μ©μ ν μ μμ΅λλ€.
>>> set([user1, user2]) Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in TypeError: unhashable type: 'User'
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€λ₯Ό hashableνκ² λ§λ€κ³ μΆλ€λ©΄, unsafe_hash
μ΅μ
μ μ¬μ©νλ©΄ λ©λλ€.
μ΄μ μΈνΈλ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν΄μ μ€λ³΅ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ κ±°ν μ μμ΅λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass from datetime import date @dataclass(unsafe_hash=True) class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user2 = User(id=2, name="Bill Gates", birthdate=date(1955, 10, 28)) >>> user3 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user4 = User(id=2, name="Bixll Gates", birthdate=date(1955, 10, 28)) >>> set([user1, user2, user3, user4]) {User(id=2, name='Bill Gates', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 10, 28), admin=False), User(id=1, name='Steve Jobs', birthdate=datetime.date(1955, 2, 24), admin=False)}
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€ μ¬μ© μ μ£Όμμ¬ν
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν λ νν λμ€λ μ€μλ
listμ κ°μ κ°λ³ λ°μ΄ν° νμ
μ νλμ κΈ°λ³Έκ°μ ν λΉν΄μ€ λ λ°μν©λλ€.
νλμ κΈ°λ³Έκ°μ μΈμ€ν΄μ€ κ°μ 곡μ κ° λκΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄λ° μμΌλ‘ κΈ°λ³Έκ° ν λΉμ΄ νμ©λμ§ μμ΅λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass from datetime import date from typing import List @dataclass(unsafe_hash=True) class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False friends: List[int] = [] ValueError: mutable defaultfor field friends is not allowed: use default_factory
μ΄λ΄ λλ dataclasses λͺ¨λμμ μ 곡νλ filed
ν¨μμ default_factory
μ΅μ
μ μ¬μ©ν΄μ λ§€λ² μλ‘μ΄ λ¦¬μ€νΈκ° μμ±λ μ μλλ‘ ν΄μ€μΌ ν©λλ€.
from dataclasses import dataclass, field from datetime import date from typing import List @dataclass(unsafe_hash=True) class User: id: int name: str birthdate: date admin: bool = False friends: List[int] = field(default_factory=list) >>> user1 = User(id=1, name="Steve Jobs", birthdate=date(1955, 2, 24)) >>> user1.friends [] >>> user1.friends.append(2) >>> user1.friends [2]
λ§μΉλ©΄μ
μ§κΈκΉμ§ νμ΄μ¬μ dataclasses λ΄μ₯ λͺ¨λμ μ΄μ©ν΄μ λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μ΄λ»κ² μμ±νκ³ μ¬μ©νλμ§ μμ보μμ΅λλ€.
λ°μ΄ν° ν΄λμ€λ₯Ό μ νμ©νμ
μ 보μΌλ¬ νλ μ΄νΈ μ½λλ₯Ό μμ±ν μκ°μ μλΌκ³ , κ·Έ μκ°μ μ’ λ λΉμ§λμ€μ μλ―Έμλ μ½λλ₯Ό μμ±νμ€ μ μμΌμ
¨μΌλ©΄ μ’κ² μ΅λλ€.
νμ΄μ¬μ dataclasses λ΄μ₯ λͺ¨λμ λν λ μμΈν λ΄μ©μ dataclasses - Data Classes - Python 3.8.2 documentationμ μ°Έκ³ λ°λΌκ² μ΅λλ€.
dataclasses λͺ¨λμ΄ λ§μμ λμ
¨λ€λ©΄ μ΄λ³΄λ€ μ’ λ κ°λ ₯ν κΈ°λ₯μ μ 곡νλ attrsμ΄λΌλ ν¨ν€μ§λ μμΌλ μ°Έκ³ λ°λΌκ² μ΅λλ€.